Child development is a dynamic process that includes a series of milestones in different areas, such as motor, speech, emotion, and social. Understanding these milestones is crucial for parents and caregivers to support healthy development and early detection of potential abnormalities. In this article, we will provide a technical overview of the milestones in childhood development from birth to age five.
Contents
- Motor development
- Newborn (0-1 month)
- Baby (1-12 months)
- Toddler (1-3 years)
- Preschooler (3-5 years old)
- Speech and language development
- Stages of speech development
- Social and emotional development
- Cognitive development
- Early detection of irregularities
- The importance of stimulation and environment
- Summary
1. Motor development
Motor development refers to a child's ability to control body movements. It is divided into the development of gross motor skills (whole body movements) and fine motor skills (precise movements of the hands and fingers).
Newborn (0-1 month)
- Primitive reflexes : Sucking, grasping, Moro reflex (reaction to a sudden stimulus).
- Head Control : Poor head control, falls when lifted.
Baby (1-12 months)
- 3 months : Lifts head when lying on tummy.
- 6 months : Sitting independently without support.
- 9 months : Crawling, crawling.
- 12 months : First steps with support, taking independent steps.
Toddler (1-3 years)
- 18 months : Walking independently, climbing stairs with assistance.
- 24 months : Running, kicking a ball, climbing stairs alternately.
- 36 months : Riding a tricycle, jumping on two legs.
Preschooler (3-5 years old)
- 4 years : Jumping on one leg, catching a ball.
- 5 years : Drawing simple shapes, dressing independently.
2. Speech and language development
Speech development is the process in which a child acquires the ability to communicate using language.
Stages of speech development
- 0-3 months : Cooing – making random sounds.
- 4-6 months : Babbling – repeating syllables like "ba-ba", "da-da".
- 7-12 months : First words – using simple words with context.
- 12-18 months : Vocabulary development to about 20 words.
- 18-24 months : Combining two words into simple sentences.
- 2-3 years : Using three- and four-word sentences, asking questions.
- 3-5 years : Developed communication, telling simple stories.
3. Socio-emotional development
It concerns the ability to establish relationships, understand emotions and deal with them.
- 0-6 months : Social smiling, reaction to caregivers' faces.
- 6-12 months : Separation anxiety, recognizing familiar people.
- 1-2 years : Self-awareness, using the word "no", expressing frustration.
- 2-3 years : Understanding simple rules, beginning parallel play.
- 3-5 years : Developing empathy, playing in a group, following simple social rules.
4. Cognitive development
It refers to the ability to think, solve problems and learn about the world.
- 0-6 months : Reflexive exploration, observation of surroundings.
- 6-12 months : Understanding object permanence (objects exist even when they are not seen).
- 1-2 years : Experimenting with cause and effect, imitating adult actions.
- 2-3 years : Developing imagination, symbolic games.
- 3-5 years : Asking "why?" questions, understanding basic number and time concepts.
5. Early detection of irregularities
Early intervention is key in cases of developmental delays or disorders.
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Warning signs :
- No social smiling until 3 months of age.
- Failure to hold head up until 4 months of age.
- No babbling until 9 months of age.
- Not walking independently by 18 months of age.
- No use of words until 18 months of age.
If you notice any disturbing symptoms, please consult your pediatrician or specialist.
6. The importance of stimulation and environment
The environment in which a child grows up has a huge impact on his or her development.
- Sensory stimulation : Providing a variety of visual, auditory and tactile stimuli.
- Social interaction : Regular contact with caregivers and peers.
- Reading and speaking : Reading books and talking with your child every day supports language development.
- Safe environment : Gives your child the confidence to explore the world.
7. Summary
Child development is an individual process, but there are general milestones that help assess progress. Understanding these milestones allows parents to:
- Developmental monitoring : Tracking whether your child is achieving the appropriate skills in a timely manner.
- Early intervention : Seek help from specialists if necessary.
- Development support : Providing appropriate stimulation and environment.
Remember that every child is unique and can develop at their own pace. The key is to observe and respond to the child's needs.
